Microbiota derived D-malate inhibits skeletal muscle growth and angiogenesis during aging via acetylation of Cyclin A.

Metabolites derived from the intestinal microbiota play an important role in maintaining skeletal muscle growth, function, and metabolism. Here, we found that D-malate (DMA) is produced by mouse intestinal microorganisms and its levels increase during aging. Moreover, we observed that dietary supplementation of 2% DMA inhibits metabolism in mice, resulting in reduced muscle mass, strength, and the number of blood vessels, as well as the skeletal muscle fiber type I/IIb ratio. In vitro assays demonstrate that DMA decreases the proliferation of vascular endothelial cells and suppresses the formation of blood vessels. In vivo, we further demonstrated that boosting angiogenesis by muscular VEGFB injection rescues the inhibitory effects of D-malate on muscle mass and fiber area. By transcriptomics analysis, we identified that the mechanism underlying the effects of DMA depends on the elevated intracellular acetyl-CoA content and increased Cyclin A acetylation rather than redox balance. This study reveals a novel mechanism by which gut microbes impair muscle angiogenesis and may provide a therapeutic target for skeletal muscle dysfunction in cancer or aging.

Estimated Pulse Wave Velocity Predicts All-Cause and Cardiovascular-Cause Mortality in Individuals With Hypertension　- Findings From a National Health and Nutrition Examination Study 1999-2018.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the association between estimated pulse wave velocity (ePWV) and mortality outcomes among individuals with hypertension.Methods and Results: Based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2018, a total of 14,396 eligible participants with hypertension were enrolled. The ePWV was calculated using the equation based on blood pressure and age. The mortality outcomes of included participants were directly acquired from the National Death Index database. The multivariable Cox regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between ePWV and mortality outcomes. Moreover, the restricted cubic spline (RCS) was also used to explore this relationship. Receiver operating characteristics curves (ROC) were adopted to evaluate the prognostic ability of ePWV for predicting mortality outcomes of patients with hypertension. The median follow-up duration was 10.8 years; individuals with higher an ePWV had higher risks of mortality from both all causes (HR: 2.79, 95% CI: 2.43-3.20) and cardiovascular diseases (HR: 3.41, 95% CI: 2.50-4.64). After adjusting for confounding factors, each 1 m/s increase in ePWV was associated with a 43% increase in all-cause mortality risk (HR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.37-1.48) and a 54% increase in cardiovascular mortality risk (HR: 1.54, 95% CI: 1.43-1.66). CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that ePWV is a novel prognostic indicator for predicting the risks of mortality among patients with hypertension.

Single photon single pixel imaging into thick scattering medium.

Imaging into thick scattering medium is a long-standing challenge. Beyond the quasi-ballistic regime, multiple scattering scrambles the spatiotemporal information of incident/emitted light, making canonical imaging based on light focusing nearly impossible. Diffusion optical tomography (DOT) is one of the most popular approach to look inside scattering medium, but quantitatively inverting the diffusion equation is ill-posed, and prior information of the medium is typically necessary, which is nontrivial to obtain. Here, we show theoretically and experimentally that, by synergizing the one-way light scattering characteristic of single pixel imaging with ultrasensitive single photon detection and a metric-guided image reconstruction, single photon single pixel imaging can serve as a simple and powerful alternative to DOT for imaging into thick scattering medium without prior knowledge or inverting the diffusion equation. We demonstrated an image resolution of 12 mm inside a 60 mm thick (∼ 78 mean free paths) scattering medium.

Effect of hemodialysis combined with calcitriol on cardiac function and BNP in patients with hyperparathyroidism secondary to nephropathy.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of hemodialysis plus calcitriol on cardiac function and BNP in patients with hyperparathyroidism secondary to nephropathy. METHODS: In this retrospective study, a total of 80 patients with nephropathy secondary to hyperparathyroidism treated in our hemodialysis center from January 2018 to January 2020 were included. The patients were divided into a combination group (n=50) and a control group (n=30) according to treatment plan. Both groups were treated with hemodialysis, and the combination group was treated with additional calcitriol. The heart rate, heart functions such as left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEE), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) level, blood calcium and phosphorus level, intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level, total effective rate, and adverse reaction rate of the two groups were compared. RESULTS: Compared to the control group, the heart rate, LVEE, LVEDD and LVESD, BNP level, blood calcium and phosphorus level, and the incidence of adverse reactions of the combination group were lower, while LVESV level, iPTH, and ALP levels, and the total effective rate were higher. CONCLUSION: Hemodialysis combined with calcitriol can better improve cardiac function and BNP level of patients than hemodialysis alone.

Pointing Error Correction for a Moving-Platform Electro-Optical Telescope Using an Optimized Parameter Model.

This paper proposes a new optimized parameter model that enhances the pointing accuracy of moving-platform electro-optical telescopes (MPEOTs). The study begins by comprehensively analyzing the error sources, including the telescope and the platform navigation system. Next, a linear pointing correction model is established based on the target positioning process. To eliminate multicollinearity, stepwise regression is applied to obtain the optimized parameter model. The experimental results show that the MPEOT corrected by this model outperforms the mount model, with pointing errors of less than 50 arcsec for approximately 23 h. In the three tests conducted, the modified azimuth error(s) (RMS) were 14.07″, 12.71″, and 28.93″, and the elevation error(s) (RMS) were 12.94″, 12.73″, and 28.30″, respectively.

Three-wave differential locking scheme in a 12-m-perimeter large-scale passive laser gyroscope.

Large-scale laser gyroscopes with sufficiently high sensitivity for measurement of the rotation rate of the Earth Ω E are inertial sensors with the capability to provide Earth orientation parameters, i.e., rotation rate and polar motion in near real time. Larger-scale passive resonant gyroscopes (PRGs) theoretically have a lower shot-noise limit. However, the cavity perimeter fluctuations and laser frequency noise become challenges in a passive gyro. In this paper, we introduce a three-wave differential locking scheme for large-scale PRGs, resulting in an in situ measurement of the cavity perimeter with nanometer resolution. Furthermore, the laser frequency noise is effectively suppressed with an additional gain of 30 dB by a double-stage locking system, based on the three-wave differential locking scheme. Finally, the rotation rate resolution of our 3m×3m gyroscope improves to 1.1×10-9 r a d/s over 200 s. The simplicity, robustness, and effectiveness of the locking scheme are important to the long-term operation of large-scale PRGs aiming for applications in the geosciences.

Diet containing stearic acid increased food intake in mice by reducing serum leptin compared with oleic acid.

In today's society, obesity is becoming increasingly serious, and controlling food intake and maintaining weight balance have become increasingly important. Here, we found that a stearic acid diet can increase food intake without causing obesity in mice compared with an oleic acid diet. Stearic acid increases food intake in mice by reducing serum leptin and increasing NPY neuronal excitability through the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. The impaired anorexic effect of leptin is probably due to repressive cholesterol-oxysterol-LXR-α/SREBP-1c-mediated leptin expression in mouse iWAT. At the same time, we found that stearic acid was not only poorly absorbed by itself in the small intestine but also reduced the entire absorption system of the small intestine. In conclusion, we have proven that a stearic acid diet can increase food intake in mice and avoid obesity, but whether a stearic acid diet could cause adverse reactions in the body remains to be studied.

Compact light field photography towards versatile three-dimensional vision.

Inspired by natural living systems, modern cameras can attain three-dimensional vision via multi-view geometry like compound eyes in flies, or time-of-flight sensing like echolocation in bats. However, high-speed, accurate three-dimensional sensing capable of scaling over an extensive distance range and coping well with severe occlusions remains challenging. Here, we report compact light field photography for acquiring large-scale light fields with simple optics and a small number of sensors in arbitrary formats ranging from two-dimensional area to single-point detectors, culminating in a dense multi-view measurement with orders of magnitude lower dataload. We demonstrated compact light field photography for efficient multi-view acquisition of time-of-flight signals to enable snapshot three-dimensional imaging with an extended depth range and through severe scene occlusions. Moreover, we show how compact light field photography can exploit curved and disconnected surfaces for real-time non-line-of-sight 3D vision. Compact light field photography will broadly benefit high-speed 3D imaging and open up new avenues in various disciplines.

Curcumin-Encapsulated Chitosan-Coated Nanoformulation as an Improved Otoprotective Strategy for Ototoxic Hearing Loss.

Overexpression of apoptotic factors in the inner ear is generally proven to induce ototoxicity. This has aroused research interest in various antiapoptotic drugs, the most representative of which is curcumin (CUR). In this study, two nanoformulations of CUR were developed with sustained-release behavior to improve their protective effects against ototoxic hearing loss (HL), which were the nanoparticles of CUR-loaded poly(lactic acid-glycolic acid) (CUR-PLGA NPs) and CUR-loaded chitosan-coated PLGA NPs (CUR-CS/PLGA NPs). The obtained results revealed that both CUR-NPs provided otoprotection in vitro and in vivo, and their effective doses in guinea pigs were much less than that of dexamethasone, which was clinically used to treat HL. Moreover, relative to CUR and CUR-PLGA NPs, CUR-CS/PLGA NPs exhibited the highest accumulation in HEI-OC1 cells and guinea pigs' cochlea. In pharmacodynamic experiments, the optimal administration timing was investigated, and CUR-CS/PLGA NPs showed sustained efficacy and the best hearing improvement at all tested sound frequencies. Lastly, the protective effect of CUR nanoformulations was further validated via inhibition of Caspase-3 and Bax activation, thereby reducing the concentration of reactive oxygen species and protecting mitochondrial integrity in hair cells. Collectively, CUR-CS/PLGA NPs demonstrated potent and lasting effects against ototoxic HL, making our novel formulation a promising candidate for the alleviation of sensorineural HL.

Sonodynamic therapy exciting the herbal nanocomposite with spider-web-like effect to combat otitis media.

Otitis media, mainly caused by bacteria, is prevalent in young children and can cause hearing loss and growth retardation. Antibiotics are the most widely utilized treatment for otitis media, however, they can cause drug resistance and harmful side effects. In this study, we reported an antibacterial nanocomposite in combination with sonodynamic therapy that consists of herbal antibacterial agents such as Curcumin (CUR) and Tanshinone IIA (TSIIA), as well as Chitosan (CS), for the treatment of acute otitis media. CUR/TSIIA/CS nanocomposite (NC) with ultrasonic irradiation demonstrated that it could eliminate Staphylococcus aureus. In vivo experiments revealed that NC-mediated sonodynamic therapy had excellent antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity, displaying a consistent performance comparable to ofloxacin. The therapeutic efficiency was attributed to capturing bacteria through spider-web-like effect and destroying bacteria through the reactive oxygen species generated under ultrasonic irradiation. Significantly, NC did not induce bacterial resistance and showed good biocompatibility. This study provides a novel strategy to develop an ultrasound-assisted nanocomposite with an enhanced antibacterial effect. Further, it unlocks new doors for the substitute of antibiotics to combat otitis media by establishing efficient therapeutic systems.

Chromium-Modified Ultrathin CoFe LDH as High-Efficiency Electrode for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction.

Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) has a dominant function in energy conversion and storage because it supplies a most effective way for converting electricity into sustainable high-purity hydrogen. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have shown promising performance in the process of electrochemical water oxidation (a half-reaction for water splitting). Nevertheless, HER properties have not been well released due to the structural characteristics of related materials. Herein, a simple and scalable tactics is developed to synthesize chromium-doped CoFe LDH (CoFeCr LDH). Thanks to oxygen vacancy, optimized electronic structure and interconnected array hierarchical structure, our developed ternary CoFeCr-based layered double hydroxide catalysts can provide 10 mA cm-2 current density at -0.201 V vs. RHE with superior long-term stability in alkaline electrolyte. We anticipate that the simple but feasible polymetallic electronic modulation strategy can strengthen the electrocatalytic property of the layered double hydroxides established in the present study, based on a carbon neutral and hydrogen economy.

Imaging biological tissue with high-throughput single-pixel compressive holography.

Single-pixel holography (SPH) is capable of generating holographic images with rich spatial information by employing only a single-pixel detector. Thanks to the relatively low dark-noise production, high sensitivity, large bandwidth, and cheap price of single-pixel detectors in comparison to pixel-array detectors, SPH is becoming an attractive imaging modality at wavelengths where pixel-array detectors are not available or prohibitively expensive. In this work, we develop a high-throughput single-pixel compressive holography with a space-bandwidth-time product (SBP-T) of 41,667 pixels/s, realized by enabling phase stepping naturally in time and abandoning the need for phase-encoded illumination. This holographic system is scalable to provide either a large field of view (~83 mm2) or a high resolution (5.80 µm × 4.31 µm). In particular, high-resolution holographic images of biological tissues are presented, exhibiting rich contrast in both amplitude and phase. This work is an important step towards multi-spectrum imaging using a single-pixel detector in biophotonics.

The accuracy of the pediatric assessment triangle in assessing triage of critically ill patients in emergency pediatric department.

BACKGROUND: The Pediatric Assessment Triangle (PAT) is a rapid evaluation tool that establishes a child's clinical status and his or her category of illness in order to direct initial management priorities. However, only few studies have examined its accuracy in assessing triage of critically ill patients in the emergency pediatric department (EPD) in China. OBJECTIVE: To quantitatively validate the accuracy in assessing critically ill medical children and nurses' acceptance of PAT in the EPD. METHODS: This is a prospective observational study performed at The First People's Hospital of Kunshan from January to May 2019. Ill children arriving to the EPD were assessed by trained nurses with the PAT and Pediatric early warning score (PEWS) at the same time. The five-level triage system used as the gold standard for comparing the accuracy of PAT was tracked following the triage. PEWS was compared with PAT in terms of assessment time and the degree of nurse' acceptance. RESULTS: A total of 1608 subjects were included in this study, of whom 74 were critically ill. The AUROCC to screen out the critical children evaluated by PAT was 0.963. When the cut-off value of PAT score was 1, its sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV were 93.24%, 99.15%, 84.15% and 99.67%, respectively. The maximum value of the YI of PAT scored with 1 was 0.924. For the different categories of diseases, PAT had a better performance in assessing non-respiratory critical diseases (vs. respiratory critical diseases), with values of AUROCC of 0.986 vs 0.930, YI of 0.969 vs 0.858, respectively. For the different age of sick children, PAT had a better performance in assessing critical diseases in children aged 1 to 36 months (vs. 3 to 14 years), with values of AUROCC of 0.978 and 0.899, YI of 0.952 and 0.797, respectively. The assessment time of PAT was 13.81 ± 6.41 s, while PEWS score was 37.24 ± 10.29 s (t = 17.27, p < 0.001). The VAS scores of nurses' acceptance of PAT and PEWS were 9.27 ± 0.87 and 8.57 ± 1.52, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: PAT can be used as a rapid and effective assessment tool in emergency triage in China. When a child's PAT score is 1 or more, the child's condition is critical and priority treatment should be arranged.

Ultrafast light field tomography for snapshot transient and non-line-of-sight imaging.

Cameras with extreme speeds are enabling technologies in both fundamental and applied sciences. However, existing ultrafast cameras are incapable of coping with extended three-dimensional scenes and fall short for non-line-of-sight imaging, which requires a long sequence of time-resolved two-dimensional data. Current non-line-of-sight imagers, therefore, need to perform extensive scanning in the spatial and/or temporal dimension, restricting their use in imaging only static or slowly moving objects. To address these long-standing challenges, we present here ultrafast light field tomography (LIFT), a transient imaging strategy that offers a temporal sequence of over 1000 and enables highly efficient light field acquisition, allowing snapshot acquisition of the complete four-dimensional space and time. With LIFT, we demonstrated three-dimensional imaging of light in flight phenomena with a <10 picoseconds resolution and non-line-of-sight imaging at a 30 Hz video-rate. Furthermore, we showed how LIFT can benefit from deep learning for an improved and accelerated image formation. LIFT may facilitate broad adoption of time-resolved methods in various disciplines.

Generalized spatial coherence reconstruction for photoacoustic computed tomography.

SIGNIFICANCE: Coherence, a fundamental property of waves and fields, plays a key role in photoacoustic image reconstruction. Previously, techniques such as short-lag spatial coherence (SLSC) and filtered delay, multiply, and sum (FDMAS) have utilized spatial coherence to improve the reconstructed resolution and contrast with respect to delay-and-sum (DAS). While SLSC uses spatial coherence directly as the imaging contrast, FDMAS employs spatial coherence implicitly. Despite being more robust against noise, both techniques have their own drawbacks: SLSC does not preserve a relative signal magnitude, and FDMAS shows a reduced contrast-to-noise ratio. AIM: To overcome these limitations, our aim is to develop a beamforming algorithm-generalized spatial coherence (GSC)-that unifies SLSC and FDMAS into a single equation and outperforms both beamformers. APPROACH: We demonstrated the application of GSC in photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT) through simulation and experiments and compared it to previous beamformers: DAS, FDMAS, and SLSC. RESULTS: GSC outperforms the imaging metrics of previous state-of-the-art coherence-based beamformers in both simulation and experiments. CONCLUSIONS: GSC is an innovative reconstruction algorithm for PACT, which combines the strengths of FDMAS and SLSC expanding PACT's applications.

Butylphthalide enhances recovery from sudden deafness.

OBJECTIVES: Cochlear microcirculation disturbance caused by vasculopathy is a common cause of sudden deafness (SD). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays an important role in cochlear injury during ischemia-reperfusion. Butylphthalide can improve microcirculation, reduce ROS formation and inhibit apoptosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of butylphthalide on patients with SD. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The hearing gains from 32 ears treated with butylphthalide were compared with that of 32 ears treated with non-butylphthalide. Butylphthalide capsules was administrated orally on an empty stomach for 10 continuous days. There were no significant differences in audiological and clinical data between butylphthalide and non-butylphthalide groups. RESULTS: The hearing gain of butylphthalide group at 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz was significantly higher than that of non-butylphthalide group correspondingly (P<0.01). And, the hearing gain at PTA (pure-tone average of 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz) in butylphthalide group was significantly higher than that of non-butylphthalide group (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: The recovery of hearing in butylphthalide group was significantly better than that of non-butylphthalide group. It is confirmed that butylphthalide has a definite therapeutic effect on SD.

Fe(OTf)3- and γ-Cyclodextrin-Catalyzed Hydroamination of Alkenes with Carbazoles.

A Fe(OTf)3- and γ-cyclodextrin catalyzed hydroamination of alkenes with carbazoles is demonstrated. This biomimetic-catalyst-oriented sustainable and green method could deliver a wide scope of N-alkylated carbazoles and N-alkylated-carbazole-fused aromatics in up to 97% yield. The salient features of this transformation include simple and benign reaction conditions with no need for a strong base, additive, or the irradiation of light.

Thermal-Sprayed Photocatalytic Coatings for Biocidal Applications: A Review.

There have been ever-growing demands for disinfection of water and air in recent years. Efficient, eco-friendly, and cost-effective methods of disinfection for pathogens are vital to the health of human beings. The photocatalysis route has attracted worldwide attention due to its highly efficient oxidative capabilities and sustainable recycling, which can be used to realize the disinfection purposes without secondary pollution. Though many studies have comprehensively reviewed the work about photocatalytic disinfection, including design and fabrication of photocatalytic coatings, inactivation mechanisms, or practical applications, systematic reviews about the disinfection photocatalysis coatings from fabrication to effort for practical use are still rare. Among different ways of fabricating photocatalytic materials, thermal spray is a versatile surface coating technique and competitive in constructing large-scale functional coatings, which is a most promising way for the future environmental purification, biomedical and life health applications. In this review, we briefly introduced various photocatalytic materials and corresponding inactivation mechanisms for virus, bacteria and fungus. We summarized the thermal-sprayed photocatalysts and their antimicrobial performances. Finally, we discussed the future perspectives of the photocatalytic disinfection coatings for potential applications. This review would shed light on the development and implementation of sustainable disinfection strategies that is applicable for extensive use for controlling pathogens in the near future.

Snapshot multidimensional photography through active optical mapping.

Multidimensional photography can capture optical fields beyond the capability of conventional image sensors that measure only two-dimensional (2D) spatial distribution of light. By mapping a high-dimensional datacube of incident light onto a 2D image sensor, multidimensional photography resolves the scene along with other information dimensions, such as wavelength and time. However, the application of current multidimensional imagers is fundamentally restricted by their static optical architectures and measurement schemes-the mapping relation between the light datacube voxels and image sensor pixels is fixed. To overcome this limitation, we propose tunable multidimensional photography through active optical mapping. A high-resolution spatial light modulator, referred to as an active optical mapper, permutes and maps the light datacube voxels onto sensor pixels in an arbitrary and programmed manner. The resultant system can readily adapt the acquisition scheme to the scene, thereby maximising the measurement flexibility. Through active optical mapping, we demonstrate our approach in two niche implementations: hyperspectral imaging and ultrafast imaging.

Noise Analysis of a Passive Resonant Laser Gyroscope.

Large-scale laser gyroscopes have found important applications in Earth sciences due to their self-sufficient property of measurement of the Earth's rotation without any external references. In order to extend the relative rotation measurement accuracy to a better level so that it can be used for the determination of the Earth orientation parameters (EOP), we investigate the limitations in a passive resonant laser gyroscope (PRG) developed at Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) to pave the way for future development. We identify the noise sources from the derived noise transfer function of the PRG. In the frequency range below 10-2Hz, the contribution of free-spectral-range (FSR) variation is the dominant limitation, which comes from the drift of the ring cavity length. In the 10-2 to 103Hz frequency range, the limitation is due to the noises of the frequency discrimination system, which mainly comes from the residual amplitude modulation (RAM) in the frequency range below 2 Hz. In addition, the noise contributed by the Mach-Zehnder-type beam combiner is also noticeable in the 0.01 to 2 Hz frequency range. Finally, possible schemes for future improvement are also discussed.